Volume 106, Part 1
2001
CONTENTS
Skvortsov A.K. Increase of diversity as a fundamental attribute of life and a measure evolutionary progress 4
Kolobaev N.N. The Japanese tree toad Hyla japonica Guttner, 1859 on the northern border of the range (Amur-Zeya plain) 8
Bobrov A.A. Macrophyte communities of the swiftly flowing parts of rivers in the Upper Volga Region 18
Shirokova N.G. The type of self-incompatibility of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L., Rosaceae) during self-pollination 29
Sokoloff D.D., Balandin S.A., Gubanov I.A., Jarvis C.E., Majorov S.R., Simonov S.S., Sukhov S.V. Plant specimens related to C. Linnaeus in the Herbarium of Moscow University (MW) 38
Scientific communications
Miroshnikov A. I. New data on the longicorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) of the Talysh mountains 49
Soroka H. C. On territorial structure of Marmota bobak population in the "Orenburgskiy" state nature 50
Bolshakov L. V. Regional horology-oecological and nature protection analysis of the fauna of plume moths (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae) of Tula region 55
Kukarina S.V., Mirkin B.M., Solomeshch A.L. Phytosociological gradient analysis of forest edges ecotones 61
Golub V.B., Lysenko T.M., Rukhlenko LA., Karpov D.N. Inland hemicryptophyte halophytic communities in the CIS and Mongolia 69
Critique and bibliography
Smirnov M.N., Ziryanov A.N. Rewiew on the book: E.N. Matyushkin. The Amur tiger in Russia. An annotated bibliography 76
New plant taxon Published in the part 1
Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. var. batrachii folia A. Bobrov, var. nov ... 26
SUMMARIES
Increase of diversity as a fundamental attribute of life and a measure evolutionary progress
A. K. Skvortsov
Our knowledge of biodiversity is already vast and continually growing, still its proper perceiving and evaluation are hampered by two metaphysic ideas inherited from the XVIII century. First, this is the."scala naturae", later transformed into belief in predistination of the evolution course from "lower" to "higher" beings; second - the belief that only deterministic and quantitative approaches may be recognized as properly scientific. In the history of the natural sciences two important trends can be noted: 1) towards ever stronger discrimination between non living and living objects; 2) towards recognition of uniqueness of origin and of essential unity of basic attributes of all manifestations of life, from viruses to man. Life is continuous, "omne vivum — e vivo", hence all attempts to determine it in terms of physics and chemistry lack sufficiency, they liken to attempts to characterize volumes by means of two-dimensional geometry. Sufficiency can be attained only by observing the clause "e vivo". Another fundamental attribute of life is its striving to diversification which is realized in the course of evolution. In the author's opinion, the only objective and non controversial criterion of evolutionary progress in a given group of organisms is the degree and tempo of diversity increase.
THE JAPANESE TREE TOAD HYLA JAPONICA GUNTHER, 1859 ON THE NORTHERN BORDER OF THE RANGE (AMUR-ZEYA PLAIN)
N. N. Kolobaev
In article the ecology-morphological characteristic of the Japanese Tree Toad Hyla japonica Gunther, 1859 on the northern limit of distribution in the Amur Province is given. The comparison of a received material with the literary data from other parts of a range is carried out. The well different features of external morphology of Tree Toads from vicinities of city Zeya are marked: narrower head, smaller distance .between eyelids, shorter shank, larger internal metatarsal tubercle. Ecological features of the Zeya tree toads are designated: low number of animals, later appearance from hibernacula, long breeding season, accelerated larval development, their smaller size and early terms of a metamorphosis, great weight of juvenile before hibernation.
MACROPHYTE COMMUNITIES OF THE SWIFTLY FLOWING PARTS OF RIVERS IN THE UPPER VOLGA REGION
A.A. Bobrov
The results of macrophyte comrnunitie studi in swiftly flowing parts of rivers in the Upper Volga region were described. Associations Fontinalio-Batrachietum kauffmannii, Batrachio kaufmannii-Sparganietum emersi, Sparganio-Potametum pectinati, Potametum riiemshausejiii, Potametum nitentis and Potametum perforati cordato-lanceolati were revealed and they were put in to union Ranunculion fluitantis. The associations Fontinalio-Batrachietum kauffmannii, Batrachio kauffmannii-Sparganietum emersi and Potametum meinshausenii were described as new. They have East European area and replace west and Central European Ranunculo-Sietum erecti submersi, Ranunculetum fluijantis and Ranunculetum fluitantis sparganietosum, representing in fact the more continental vicariants of the last ones. For communities of the associations information on their ecology (depth of water, ground, spewed of current and others) and distribution in investigated watercourses were resulted. Differences from the communities of the same associations described in other places were shown. The structure of investigated communities depended on character of a ground and speed of current. The communities Fontinalio-Batrachietum kauffmannii and Potametum perfoliati cordato-lanceolati were widespread, others were met on the few or single rivers, because they indicated on rather specific conditions of environment. In the Upper Volga region the union Ranunculion fluitantis had a little bit other set of the characteristic taxa than in Western and Central Europe. Very original Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. var. batrachiifolia A. Bobrov var. nov. from swiftly flowing parts of the investigated rivers was described.
THE TYPE OF SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY OF RASPBERRIES (RUBVS IDAEUS L.; ROSACEAE) DURING SELF-POLLINATION
N. G. Shirokova
The main cause of self-sterility in wild raspberry proved to be an inhibition of its own pollen tube growing in styles, which is typical for gametophytic self-incompatibility (though there is also inhibition in the stigmas). Some facts of overcoming the inhibition in styles give the possibilities for selection of self-sterile cultivars. Self-fertility of cultural raspberries is not connected with polyploidy.
PLANT SPECIMENS RELATED TO C. LINNAEUS IN THE HERBARIUM OF MOSCOW UNIVERSITY (MW)
D.D. Sokolqff, S.A. Balandin, I.A. Gubanov, C.E. Jarvis, S.R, Majorov, S.S. Simonov, S. V. Sukhov
The main part of Linnaeus' own herbarium is now preserved at the Linnean Society of London (LINN). However, Linnaeus had also given away many specimens during his lifetime, and many of these have subsequently been brought together in Stockholm (S). Several smaller Linnaean collections of this type are preserved in Sweden (GB, SET, UPS), Finland (H), Paris (Institut de France), Switzerland (G), Russia (MW, LE), and apparently in Germany (M). Other significant collections were studied by Linnaeus but as they never formed part of his own herbarium, are now in other institutions (e.g. the herbaria of George Clifford, Paul Hermann and John Clayton at BM, and of Joachim Burser at UPS). The aim of the present paper is an analysis of plant specimens related to C.Linnaeus' which are preserved at the Herbarium of Moscow University (MW). The material has been previously studied by M.N. Karavaev and I.A. Gubanov (1981) and M.N. Karavaev (1981), but the exact nomenclatural status of many specimens was not established. The specimens linked with Linnaeus at MW do not originate from a single and integrated collection. They were selected by M.N. Karavaev and by the present authors from all the four largest historical collections of the Herbarium of Moscow University, i.e. from the herbaria of J.F. Ehrhart, G.F. Hoffmann, C. Trinius and L. Goldbach. Ehrhart's General Herbarium contains 31 sheets which were more or less certainly collected or studied by Linnaeus. Ehrhart was a pupil of Linnaeus from whom he received some specimens directly, while others came to him from Linnaeus filius, A. Dahl, and P.J. Bergius. Ehrhart's collections were purchased by G.F. Hoffmann, later the first Head of the Botany Department at Moscow University, who took them to Russia. Hoffmann's General Herbarium contains three specimens which may be connected with Linnaeus. They were received from C.P. Thunberg, J.A. Murray, and an unknown person, respectively. At least five specimens from Trinius' Herbarium, although certainly never seen by Linnaeus, are probable duplicates of material that was studied by him. Some of them are almost certainly iso-lectotypes of Linnaean names. Finally, 24 specimens linked with Linnaeus were found in Gold-bach's Herbarium. The majority of them were collected in the Lower Volga Region by J. Lerche, and during the Second Kamchatka Expedition by J.G. Gmelin and G.W. Steller. Linnaeus received these materials from Russian businessmen and an amateur in botany, G.A. Demidov. Some of the specimens were returned by Linnaeus to Demidov and subsequently presented to Moscow University by his son, P.O. Demidov. The main part of this ample collection was lost during Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. Goldbach's herbarium contains a few collections which fortunately survived the events of 1812. High quality images of all 63 MW specimens connected with Linnaeus, together with extensive historical information, are available on the CD-ROM (Linnaean Collection..., 2000).
NEW DATA ON THE LONGICORN BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE) OF THE TALYSH MOUNTAINS
A. I. Miroshnikov
New data, mainly - biological, on 7 poorly known longicorn beetles species are presented. Previously unknown fodder woods are given for the larva of Paraclytus reitteri - Acer, Paraclytus raddei - Fagus and Carpinus, Anaglyptus ganglbaueri - probably, Carpinus, Rhopaloscelis schurmanni - ikerocarya. Poecilium alni elburzensis and Pogonoctterus ressli are recorded for the Talysh fauna for the first time.
ON TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF MARMOTA BOBAK POPULATION IN THE "ORENBURGSKIY" STATE NATURE RESERVE
O. V. Soroka
On the territory of the "Burtinskaya steppe" stationary in "Orenburgskiy" state nature reserve Marmota bobak settlements of the patch-type pattern inhabit low-mountain slopes and territories between rivers with forbs and feather-grass steppe. Colonies are adopted to former cattle stays and pastoral modifications of the steppe. Family areas are of great size - 5,3 +- 0,27 hectares (3,0-8,7 ha; n = 75; p < 0,05) and there are many temporary habitats - 11-52 (19,6 +- 1,84; n = 75/; p < 0,05). Communal winter burrows comprises 5,4% of the total number; the communal burrows and temporal ones correlate as 1 to 18,6. Marmota bobak prefer middle parts of the south slopes for settling winter habitats. The average size of boutans of burrows is 7,19 x 0,38 metres; they take 0,06 % of the whole colony territory. Boutan size depend upon the mechanical structure of the extraction. There are 15 families per each square kilometer. The average number of the adults in a marmot family is 3-5, young of the current year - 2,9. Fires may be one of the factors maintaining the number and density of the Marmota bobak population rather high.
REGIONAL CHOROLOGY-OECOLOGICAL AND NATURE PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF THE FAUNA OF PLUME MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA, PTEROPHORIDAE) OF TULA REGION
L. V. Bolshakov
On the basis of the many years research the complexed analysis of the regional fauna of the plume moths (Lepidoptera, Pterbphoridae) of Tula region (included 25 species) is introduced, it embraces its chorology-oecological and nature protection classification.
Phytosociological gradient analysis of forest edges ecotones
S. V. Kukarina, B.M. Mirkin, A.I. Solomeshch
Experience of study of three forest-grassland ecotones on three profiles with using of direct gradient and phytosociological analyses was described at Baschkirian. The forest edge zone on ecotones was very short. Ecotone effect was weak. The variation of vegetation on patch-levely had strong influence to vegetation and turnover of species on the gradient.
INLAND HEMICRYPTOPHYTE HALOPHYTIC COMMUNITIES IN THE CIS AND MONGOLIA
V.B. Golub, T.M. Lysenko, L.A. Rukhlenko, D.N. Karpov
Higher syntaxa of the halophytic communities with hemicryptophytes dominants on the territory of the CIS and Mongolia were reviewed. The date processing the TURBO (VEG) software package and MEGATA program (Hennikens, 1996) were used. On the territory the halophytic communities are represented by the following classes: Scorzonero-Juncetea gerardii (Vicherek 73) stat. noviis, Festuco-Puccinellietea Soo 68, Aeluropodetea littoralis Golub et ai cl. nova.